Optimizing horizontal alignment of roads in a specified corridor

Finding an optimal alignment connecting two end-points in a specified corridor is a complex problem that requires solving three interrelated sub-problems, namely the horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and earthwork optimization problems. In this research, we developed a novel bi-level optimization model combining those three problems. In the outer level of the model, we optimize the horizontal alignment and in the inner level of the model a vertical alignment optimization problem considering earthwork allocation is solved for a fixed horizontal alignment. Derivative-free optimization algorithms are used to solve the outer problem. The result of our model gives an optimal horizontal alignment in the form of a linear-circular curve and an optimal vertical alignment in the form of a quadratic spline. Our model is tested on real-life data. The numerical results show that our approach improves the road alignment designed by civil engineers by 27% on average, resulting in potentially millions of dollars of savings.     

钆对Mg-8Li-4Zn-xGd合金铸态组织与力学性能的影响

采用锂盐熔剂保护熔铸Mg-8Li-4Zn-xGd(x=1,3,5)合金铸锭,研究钆含量对铸态合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Mg-8Li-4Zn-xGd合金基体由α-Mg(HCP)和β-Li(BCC)双相构成。随着钆含量的增加,Mg5Gd共晶相和Zn12Gd化合物相逐渐连成网状,将基体α+β双相隔离成20~40μm的等轴状或类似于铸铁中的共晶团状,可有效细化α-Mg相和连续的β-Li相;组织中大颗粒Mg2Zn11相弥散分布在β-Li相内,Mg51Zn20相分布在α-Mg晶界处;锌元素还可以在β-Li相中析出细小弥散分布的MgZn相,其数量随钆含量的增加而增加,可直接弥散强化β-Li相。此外,锌和钆对合金硬度的影响较大,随着钆含量的增加,合金的抗拉强度提高,但伸长率降低。     

高海拔隧道火灾烟气及温度场数值模拟研究

采用FDS 建立典型双车道公路隧道，对海拔高度为500、4 000 m 的公路隧道发生火灾时的烟气蔓延特征及温度分布规律进行数值模拟分析，以得到低压、低温、低氧含量等高海拔环境对公路隧道火灾发展的影响规律。结果表明：相比较平原地区隧道，高海拔地区公路隧道火灾烟气最高温度更低，火焰高度更高，且近火源区的拱顶最高温度升温速度明显大于远火源区；在同等火灾热释放速率下，高海拔地区隧道内烟气一维纵向蔓延长度更大，且近火源区隧道上层高温烟气与下层冷空气界限较为分明，而远火源区则逐渐出现较为明显的烟气下沉现象。     

基于STM32的轨道电路高压脉冲测量仪的设计

对于铁路来说准确的检测轨道占用情况是非常重要的,为了对铁路更精确的检测,设计了基于STM32的轨道电路高压脉冲测量仪,通过使用STM32作为控制芯片,可以精确的测量到脉冲的参数值,同时可以在LCD上面进行波形显示,显示界面分辨率高,而且数据测量准确,能够真实的反映出列车在轨道上的占用情况,保障铁路运行方面的安全、稳定。     

城市桥梁色彩设计浅析

城市桥梁是城市景观中的一部分,其色彩搭配合理将会影响城市色彩的美。协调的桥梁色彩可以增强城市的吸引力,提升城市的品味。通过对城市桥梁与色彩的关系、城市桥梁色彩设计要素的分析,以美学的基本理论为引导,提出了城市桥梁色彩设计的原则,从而为广大桥梁建设者提供色彩设计的理论支撑。     

大角度斜交地裂缝带盾构隧道变形破坏机制的模型试验研究

地裂缝是西安市最典型的城市地质灾害,其活动对城市地铁建设具有严重威胁,盾构隧道能否应用于地裂缝场地一直是工程界关注的问题。为揭示地裂缝活动对地铁盾构隧道的影响机制,文章以在建西安地铁8号线大角度(θ=75°)穿越地裂缝带为工程背景,基于1∶12几何比尺的物理模型试验并结合数值模拟,对大角度斜交地裂缝带的盾构隧道结构的变形破坏规律进行研究。结果表明：地裂缝错动作用下,大角度穿越地裂缝带的盾构隧道上盘管片拱顶受压、拱底受拉,下盘管片拱顶受拉、拱底受压;盾构隧道纵向整体表现为弯曲 扭动变形,管片衬砌在地裂缝上盘以拱顶内凹变形为主,在下盘以牵引变形为主,地裂缝位置及其附近的管片表现出竖向错动、轴向拉张与挤压以及水平扭转的三向变形特征;当地裂缝位错量达到s=24cm时,盾构隧道出现破坏,其破坏模式以剪切破坏为主,局部存在偏压破坏,且破坏大部分首先出现在螺栓附近;基于盾构隧道的破坏模式和范围提出隧道大角度穿越地裂缝带时的应对措施建议,对于未来100年内地裂缝累积活动量超过s=24cm的场地,地铁建设不宜采用盾构法通过。     

Joint relay selection and resource allocation in cooperative device-to-device communications

Device-to-device (D2D) communications allow proximate cellular user equipments (UEs) to communicate with each other directly under the control of base station (BS). In this paper, considering the selection relaying (SR) rule which allows a subset of potential relays to forward the source’s data to the corresponding destination, we first establish a multi-relay system model where a D2D UE can act as not only a source but also a potential relay for another D2D link, and then analyze the cooperation behaviors among selfish UEs. Next a simple strategy is proposed to deal with the relay selection problem, and then the fair and efficient resource sharing problem among cooperating D2D UEs is formulated as a bargaining game. Since the game function is non-convex, we turn to an iterative method by introducing an auxiliary function to get the proportional fair resource allocation results. The system efficiency and fairness are proved by numeral simulation results.     

火源横向位置对隧道烟气分布的影响

依托工程实际,采用数值模拟方法研究隧道火源位于不同车道时,隧道临界风速、温度、烟雾分布扩散规律。结果表明:纵向通风速度不大于临界通风速度时,火源下游段隧道棚顶温度呈e函数下降,当通风速度大于临界通风速度时,该规律不再适用。火源位于侧壁面时,由于隧道侧壁面的限制作用,其近火源区烟气运移呈“之”字形向隧道出口处蔓延,隧道棚顶不同纵向温度线呈滚动式交替变化。     

PVA纤维体积率对PVA-ECC力学性能的影响

使用国产基体材料并利用铁尾矿砂细骨料替代天然砂,掺入长度为12mm的PVA纤维,制备铁尾矿砂细骨料PVA纤维水泥基复合材料(PVA-ECC),并通过实验研究了PVA纤维体积率对PVA-ECC性能的影响。实验结果表明:PVA-ECC的工作性能和基本力学性能稳定,制备工艺满足要求。PVA纤维体积率对提高PVA-ECC抗压强度的作用不明显,体积率在1.6%~2%时,PVA-ECC破坏后的整体性较好,体积率为2%时最佳,但过量的PVA纤维掺入会降低其抗压强度。PVA纤维体积率对PVA-ECC韧性的影响显著,体积率在1.6%~2%时,韧性明显增加,体积率为2%时的效果最佳,其极限荷载和抗弯强度达到峰值,弯曲韧性指标显著增大,试件破坏前出现多缝开裂现象,呈现韧性破坏特征;通过韧性指数法判定PVA-ECC为韧性材料。     

Revealing thermal ablation mechanisms of C/SiC with in situ optical observation and numerical simulation

Structural ceramics such as C/SiC (carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide) are of great importance for high temperature applications, where thermal ablation could occur and impair the structural integrity. Here we adopt in situ and real time optical visualization technique and numerical simulation to study the thermal ablation mechanisms of C/SiC subjected to oxyacetylene flame. The in situ optical setup captures the real time surface evolution at temperatures up to 1800℃, demonstrating clearly the formation of surface gas bubble, the flowing and merging process of liquid SiO₂, which are later well reproduced and explained by the numerical simulation. Four different surface ablation regions on the sample subjected to thermal ablation have been identified by the captured images and flow field streamlines, which reveal the distribution and flow mechanism of SiO₂ droplets on the C/SiC surface.